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Cancel Continue. Untreated, it can lead to organ damage or failure, and ultimately death. For this reason, contact tracing and selective vaccination have been key in the eradication of smallpox. In the US, routine strategies for the event someone is diagnosed with smallpox centre around isolating the infected person and tracking their movements over the previous three weeks.
All affected people will be monitored for at least 14 days for signs of the disease. By tracking down common points of contact, it is possible to isolate pockets of infection and eradicate them without the need to roll out generalized vaccination programmes to the entire population. The last known natural case of smallpox was in Somalia in The following year, an accident in a research laboratory led to the death of one person from the disease, and in smallpox was officially declared eradicated.
The views expressed in this article are those of the author alone and not the World Economic Forum. High rates of COVID infection are setting Africa back but young innovators across the continent are deploying a social entrepreneurship skillset to fight the pandemic from the grassroots.
I accept. Widespread vaccinations has lead to the successful eradication of smallpox. Take action on UpLink. Forum in focus. The world has entered a new era of pandemic risk. Read more about this project. Explore context. Explore the latest strategic trends, research and analysis. It was eradicated by a collaborative global vaccination programme led by the World Health Organization.
The last known natural case was in Somalia in Have you read? The earliest written description of a disease like smallpox appeared in China in the 4 th century CE Common Era. Early written descriptions also appeared in India in the 7 th century and in Asia Minor in the 10 th century.
Historians trace the global spread of smallpox to the growth of civilizations and exploration. Expanding trade routes over the centuries also led to the spread of the disease. Smallpox was a terrible disease. On average, 3 out of every 10 people who got it died. People who survived usually had scars, which were sometimes severe.
One of the first methods for controlling smallpox was variolation, a process named after the virus that causes smallpox variola virus. During variolation, people who had never had smallpox were exposed to material from smallpox sores pustules by scratching the material into their arm or inhaling it through the nose. After variolation, people usually developed the symptoms associated with smallpox, such as fever and a rash.
However, fewer people died from variolation than if they had acquired smallpox naturally. The basis for vaccination began in when the English doctor Edward Jenner noticed that milkmaids who had gotten cowpox were protected from smallpox. Jenner also knew about variolation and guessed that exposure to cowpox could be used to protect against smallpox.
To test his theory, Dr. Months later, Jenner exposed Phipps several times to variola virus, but Phipps never developed smallpox. Vaccination became widely accepted and gradually replaced the practice of variolation. At some point in the s, the virus used to make the smallpox vaccine changed from cowpox to vaccinia virus. Traces of smallpox pustules found on the head of the year-old mummy of the Pharaoh Ramses V. Download pdf icon [PDF — 1 page].
Unfortunately, this global eradication campaign suffered from a lack of funds, personnel, and commitment from countries, and a shortage of vaccine donations. Despite their best efforts, smallpox was still widespread in , causing regular outbreaks across South America, Africa, and Asia. The Intensified Eradication Program began in with a promise of renewed efforts. Laboratories in many countries where smallpox occurred regularly were able to produce more, higher-quality freeze-dried vaccine.
Other factors that played an important role in the success of the intensified efforts included the development of the bifurcated needle, the establishment of a case surveillance system, and mass vaccination campaigns.
By the time the Intensified Eradication Program began in , smallpox was already eliminated in North America and Europe Cases were still occurring in South America, Asia, and Africa smallpox was never widespread in Australia.
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